Predicting reverse electrodialysis performance in the presence of divalent ions for renewable energy generation

• Novel reverse electrodialysis process model including magnesium and sulfate. Uphill transport, increased membrane resistance, permselectivity loss included. Model validation with experimental data literature (up to 50 mol. %). reproduces RED in single-stage, multi-stage, segmented electrode. Reverse (RED) is an electro-membrane harvest renewable energy from salinity gradients. models have been developed the past, but they mostly assume that only NaCl present feedwaters, which results unrealistically high predictions. In work, existing simple extended accommodate presence of ions sulfate potentially even more complex mixtures. All power mechanisms deriving multivalent are included new model: electrical uphill transport river seawater compartment, loss. This validated resistance (at 10 % MgCl 2 for CEMs 25 Na SO 4 AEMs), stack performance or feedwaters), ion feedwaters) showing very good agreement between predictions data. Finally, we showed not describes can also predict performances under a variety conditions cross-flow configurations (single-stage without electrode segmentation, multi-stage co-current counter-current mode) feedwater compositions (only NaCl, , MgSO ). It thus provides valuable tool design evaluate systems.